Posted 2024-06-04

Book Notes by John December

In this book, Carlos Moreno presents a simple idea: People can extricate themselves from the time trap set by urban planning efforts that built long travel distances between many routine destinations, including home and work. By living closer to your essential needs, Moreno shows how you can gain more useful time to live your life, have more personal freedom, and enjoy meaningful interactions with your family, friends, and others.

I. Moreno's simple definition captures the basics of the 15-minute city.

"The 15-minute city represents an urban model in which the essential needs of residents are accessible on foot or by bicycle within a short perimeter in high-density areas." (p. 14).

A diagram illustrates this idea by showing a neighborhood where residents can likely meet many of their principal needs within about 15 minutes of travel time by foot or bicycle:

From: The 15-Minute City: A Solution to Saving Our Time and Our Planet by Carlos Moreno

The surface details of this concept might seem familiar. It may resemble an active neighborhood you may have visited or live in now. Perhaps it is like the "old neighborhood" where your grandparents lived. Or perhaps this idea may seem alien and antithetical to what you believe cities should be.

Despite its surface simplicity, the 15-minute city rests on something more profound: understanding how people have experienced life in villages, towns, and cities over history. Moreno describes this deeper understanding, evoking the sense of place and time, mobility along pathways, emotional connections, and complex human interactions and activities inherent in settlements dating back hundreds of years.

The elemental feeling of connection from living closer to daily needs and activities is the power behind the 15-minute city, and this power may disturb some people who inhabit or believe in a model of dispersed, segregated urbanism. However, Moreno patiently explains that proximity (p. 51) is simply a way to gain useful time to have a fulfilling, meaningful life through social interactions and nearby connections. Proximity in urban landscapes might be in "public spaces... local shops, community facilities, and citizen participation..." (p. 51), and also family time (p. 52).

In this book, Moreno explains how the 15-minute city idea reintroduces the role of proximity, access, connection, interaction, and emotion in urbanism. This idea might begin a process to reverse the efforts of the past century, which have worked overtime to destroy the qualities of connection, personal time, and choices in cities, neighborhoods, and among people.

Born in a small town in the Andes mountains in Columbia, Carlos Moreno journeyed to Cali and university studies that took him to Paris to study, teach, and research in robots and computers. Later, his industry work focused on automated control systems, including intelligent street lighting systems, and complex systems and digital infrastructure for cities. With this insight into the intricacies of systems with feedback and adaption, Moreno's work in urbanism likewise captures an elemental quality of city life--its dynamic, complex nature.

II. The 15-minute city concept draws on studies of how people live in settlements.

Moreno cites the work of the Swedish geographer Torsten Hägerstrand (pp. 47-48), who developed the field of time geography to study the "geographical, spatial, and temporal links in human behavior" (p. 48). Hägerstrand observed how time and space constrain human activities along a path trajectory. Constraints include:

• capability constraints (limitations such as speed or human biology);
• coupling constraints (presence requirements for people to be at the same place or site to access resources use or for work schedules); and
• authority constraints (rules or laws for when or where activities can take place).

Hägerstrand applied a time geography approach using these concepts to rebalance access to economic resources in a rural area (p. 48).

Moreno also cites Georg Simmel (p. 50), who studied how people inhabit living spaces along dimensions that are not just physical—such as having housing as shelter—but also involve social and cultural interactions over time. Moreno draws on Simmel's idea of "inhabiting" to create the idea of "happy proximity." For Moreno, living close to regular destinations involves a "different time frame to access the satisfaction of essential needs and social functions within short distances." (p. 50). Moreno cites the related idea of "resonance," which relates individual engagement with the world to a qualitative experience of connection, meaning, and community, as described by Harmut Rosa (pp. 50-51).

Moreno also references concepts from throughout the world:

• Sumak Kawsay: a belief from Indigenous people of the Andes that "human life is interconnected with nature." (p. 64).
• N'Zassa: an artistic concept from West Africa involving the blending and mixing of cultures. (p. 66).
• Sei-katsu-sha: a term from Japan referring to people "who live by doing" or are actively shaping their own "circular life" of activities to learn, wear, live, work, eat, love, nurture, and play (pp. 67-68).
• Jane Jacobs's concept of neighborhood from New York City's Greenwich Village: the observation that healthy neighborhoods are "dense, diverse, and lively... with an emphasis on street activities and pleasant public spaces." (p. 71).
• Brusselization: a term from Belgium that embraces the goal of creating "neighborhoods that contain all the functions of urban life" (p. 72).
• Topophilia: a term for the strong sense of cultural identity and love that arises from inhabiting a place. (p. 74).
• Chronotopia: a process that " enables unused spaces to be transformed into multifunctional places." (p. 101).
• Chrono-urbanism: the study of time variations involved in people active and flowing in the city through activities and travel (p. 195).
• Chronotopy: "The study of how different districts and areas of the city are used at specific times." (p. 195).
• Isochrones: the identification of features within the 15-minute radius such as "public facilities, shops, and essential services." (p. 196).

Moreno illustrates his intellectual path in this diagram:

From: The 15-Minute City: A Solution to Saving Our Time and Our Planet by Carlos Moreno

III. Moreno's work identifies problems in urbanism of the past century.

Moreno synthesizes and summarizes his observations and conceptual work on pages 51-54 and chapters 7-9. He started on the concepts leading to the 15-minute city in 2010 with the idea of a "human smart city" that melded not just technology but the humanity of neighborhoods as described by Jane Jacobs. (p. 89-92)

In developing the 15-minute city, Moreno has observed:

• "... hectic, time-consumed cities are faced with issues of fragmentation, segregation, and segmentation resulting from decades of urban planning." (p. 51)
• "... a collective loss of the notion of useful time and social time, as well as a decline in proximity-based social interaction." (p. 51)
• "... the frenetic pace of urban life, long distances traveled daily, and growing anonymity have inevitably led to the dehumanisation of our lifestyles." (p. 51)
• "... a [lost] sense of proximity and connection with our immediate environment." (p. 51)
• "... [an imperative to be] constantly on the move, moving away from where we live, and losing the vital link with our local community." (p. 51)
• "... a detrimental effect on well-being, personal development, and our sense of belonging." (p. 51)
• "... the strict zoning model, which divides urban functions and creates monofunctional zones, has led to ruptures in the urban fabric and disparities in quality of life." (p. 98)
• "... the unbridled pursuit of economic growth and long commutes have a negative impact on our personal well-being, our social life, and our family balance." (p. 98)
• a redefinition of "the modern city as a machine for living.. to separate the city's functions into different districts... different buildings... a farewell to public spaces... and pedestrianism..." by the Athens Charter of 1933 (p. xvii, forward by Jan Gehl).

To rectify these problems, Moreno identifies proximity as a primary remedy: "When we move closer together geographically, we create the conditions for a more balanced, sustainable, and humane life." (p. 51). He describes how proximity regains useful time (p. 51) and enhances the quality of life (p. 52): "Geographical proximity enhances the quality of family relationships, allowing family members to support each other... But regaining time is not limited to the individual and the family; it also extends to the social sphere." (p. 52).

In Chapter 7, Moreno traces how urbanism in the 20th century disrupted proximity and dislocated, destroyed, and segmented daily life. Separated work and residential zones require transportation to get people to work, including highways and parking lots (p. 78). The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted this commute for some workers so that the "newly avoidable transportation [commute] created more free time for personal, family, friends, and social life.... People started to realize it was possible not only to work differently but also live differently." (p. 79). Further, a growing awareness of environmental challenges also motivated post-pandemic change (p. 79; p. 93).

Other writers have identified similar aspects of proximity, access, and human connections to improve urban living:

• In her book Shifting Gears (2023), Susan Handy emphasizes access to daily needs locally as an essential part of urban planning that is part of a larger paradigm shift in transportation planning.
• Charles Montgomery, in Happy City: Transforming Our Lives Through Urban Design (2013), advocates for embracing happiness in cities as an urban design goal--including the complexity, diversity, density, and emotional connections that have held the fascination of humans for millennia.
• Veronica O. Davis describes how understanding the deeper, historical, and restorative needs for equity can inform urban planning in her book Inclusive Transportation: A Manifesto for Repairing Divided Communities (2023).
• Peter D. Norton in his book Fighting Traffic: The Dawn of the Motor Age in the American City (2008) describes the century of effort, starting in the 1920's, that transformed thinking about the American city and its street space to place the automobile as the apex of transportation.
• Richard Florida identfies "clustering" or the more intensive use of urban land for density in his book The New Urban Crisis: How Our Cities Are Increasing Inequality, Deepening Segregation, and Failing the Middle Class-and What We Can Do About It (2017).
• In Arbitrary Lines: How Zoning Broke the American City and How to Fix It (2022), author M. Nolan Gray describes how zoning has been a means to "break" the American city by limiting what can be built, where it can be built, and for whom. The author calls for an abolishment of zoning and instead offers alternatives to unleash the power of cities.
• Charles Marohn in his book Strong Towns: A Bottom-up Revolution to Rebuild American Prosperity (2020), challenges the past century of city planning, development, engineering, and the people and professions complicit with the drift toward less resilient cities. Part of the foundation of his ideas is that humans have created settlements for thousands of years, and we can learn much from this history.
• The authors Charles Marohn and Daniel Herriges identify the need for local, incremental action on housing in their book Escaping the Housing Trap: The Strong Towns Response to the Housing Crisis (2024).
• Automobile parking is a significant land use in cities that 15-minute neighborhoods could reduce. David Mepham in Rethinking Parking (2024) shows how "we have tended to ignore parking as a planning and urban design issue, and as a consequence, we have typically degraded the places that provide it." (p. 1). The study of parking's role in urbanism, established with Donald Shoup's works, The High Cost of Free Parking (2005, 2011) and Parking and the City (2018) continues with the work of Richard W. Willson in Parking Reform Made Easy (2013), the Parking Reform Network, and the recent books Carmageddon: How Cars Make Life Worse and What to Do About It (2023) by Daniel Knowles and Paved Paradise: How Parking Explains the World (2023) by Henry Grabar.
• Urban critics of the past decades have also confirmed many of the issues that Moreno has observed.

IV. The 15-minute city paradigm embraces proximity and true complexity.

Moreno blended his math and computer science background to build the 15-minute city concept involving the study of complexity (p. 86) and sustainability (p. 87). Moreno characterizes the main strength of the 15-minute city as "polycentric proximity," in which "urban functions are harmoniously integrated and where residents can live, work, play, and connect easily..." (p. 98). The essential qualities are "proximity, versatility, mixed-use, and changing rhythms." (p. 99).

The idea encompasses six essential urban social functions (pp. 104-105):

• living with dignity = housing
• working while reducing travel = work
• supplying goods via short supply chains = food and other supplies
• caring by preserving physical and mental health in the vicinity = health
• learning by accessing education and culture = education
• enjoying by flourishing in harmony and resilience with nature = leisure and culture

There are four essential elements (p. 105):

• Proximity forms the basis of the 15-minute city: both temporal (the 15-minute travel radius) and spatial proximity (wide range of services within easy reach) (p. 107).

• Density is an essential element for a settlement based on short distances. Sufficient density "encourages the emergence of activity and the development of the six urban social functions" (p. 105). Sufficient density helps local businesses with a base of customers and justifies transportation infrastructure for walking, bicycling, and public transit (p. 106). Organic density refers to the concentration of activities in short distances. Medium and low-density areas that utilize a 30-minute territory concept would need "fluid and frequent" transit networks (p. 106). Moreno's description of efforts to provide services and density around transit hubs (p. 239) corresponds to Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) concepts.

• Mixed use makes the best use of density and gives people access to a variety of destinations. Mixed use includes redevelopment and reuse of buildings (p. 111) and multiple uses for a building daily (p. 109). The general idea is that every square meter of the city should support many different uses at different times of the day and over the course of building re-adaption.

• Ubiquity arises from the polycentric (multi-point) distribution of 15-minute neighborhoods in a city or metropolitan area. In this way, there is not just one, major cluster of activity in one place and no activity in most other places. Digitalization of services online provide another layer of virtual ubiquity, so that people living anywhere can connect with resources they need.

An essential point about Moreno's concept of transit in the 15-minute city is that it should be "mobility that is chosen" versus "mobility that is suffered" (p. 100). Because part of Moreno's observations had been of "congestion on public transit," he places a particular emphasis on active transit (walking, bicycling) and, only when necessary, short trips on public transit vehicles (p. 100). I was puzzled why many statements about the 15-minute city left out the public transit option. However, I realize now that the compactness of a 15-minute neighborhood spans an area covered by human power (walking, bicycling), with public transit being a necessary link for those who cannot use those active modes or need help in reaching specialized resources more distantly located.

Moreno allows variations on the 15-minute quantity for his idea:

• For less densely populated areas, the 30-minute territory encompasses a larger time period (p. 14) and thus more area that may involve a higher reliance on connected transit networks (p. 106).
• A 20-minute city concept extends the 15-minute time to accommodate urban neighborhoods where transit might play a more significant role in a network of polycentric proximity than the 15-minute limit in smaller cities.
• In a larger metropolitan area, the 15-minute city name refers to a series of 15-minute neighborhoods in a network of polycentric proximity. Thus, the "city" in the 15-minute city name could be a neighborhood, village, town, or small city.
• The term "complete neighborhood" is also used to convey an area where people can meet most of their needs within the neighborhood without specifying a time period.

In this way, Moreno defines a flexible conceptual framework--the 15-minute city--to study, understand, and design human settlements. It relies primarily on proximity defined by human mobility (walking, bicycling) for 15 minutes as the spatial extent for travel to access daily needs. This concept rests not just on the simple definition and diagram of a 15-minute city but also on a deeper understanding of how people inhabit and travel in space and time along paths (time geography) and how they live to meet daily needs for resources, personal goals, and relationships with others.

Moreno has looked at the history of human life in cities and found that the emergent qualities of human interaction are at the heart of what cities are all about (see also Reader (2004)). The 15-minute framework unravels the mistake made about a century ago defining the city as a machine (the Athens Charter of 1933). The city is not a machine--it is people, and the 15-minute city idea reconceptualizes the city and its neighborhoods, surrounding territories, and regions in terms of people-centered places, activities, resources, and mobility.

V. The 15-minute city idea in practice shows commonalities in patterns and goals.

While Moreno describes his idea's historical, intellectual, and conceptual dimensions, it might be difficult for the reader to understand how these abstract descriptions translate to real-life city features. Moreno's challenge is to translate the scholarly studies, urban administrative goals, and concepts that give rise to the 15-minute city idea and tie them to specific urban elements. He does this in several ways: first, through the name of his idea; then, through a methodology analyzing the quality of societal life; and finally, by presenting many case studies to illustrate the 15-minute city in action.

First, the most obvious way that Moreno makes his idea real is by the simple name of it--"the 15-minute city." The 15-minute time limit is a clever way to make the abstract real because it helps people begin a visualization process--they can think: How far could I walk in 15 minutes? Ride my bike in 15 minutes? Take a quick trip by transit in 15 minutes? Thus, the 15-minute quantity is the first way Moreno helps make the abstract real. Its simple definition of the size of human-scale neighborhoods corresponds to what had emerged in village, town, and city settlements throughout human history. While the 15-minute city is more than a catchy slogan, its name is an easy-to-remember way to visualize and even design the specifics of the 15-minute city idea.

Next, Moreno makes the 15-minute city real by a methodology to analyze the quality of life in terms of proximity and access to essential needs. The methodology for 15-minute urbanism involves looking at associations among resources, infrastructure, services, and uses and then preparing an HQSL (High Quality of Societal Life) indicator (pp. 116-120) matrix. On one axis of the matrix are the six urban social functions: living, working, supplying, caring, learning, and enjoying. On the other axis are goals for well-being (health for the person), sociability (health for the social group and society), and sustainability (health for the environment) (p. 117). The methodology looks at developing local services for each cell of this matrix at points within the 15-minute neighborhood, optimizing existing infrastructures, and planning for sound environmentalism, polycentric proximity, shared infrastructure, and digital technology use (pp. 119-120). Moreno also describes a workshop or "fresk" to work through this proximity exercise using interactive learning materials (pp. 246-248).

In his final chapter (p. 245), Moreno provides an example of using computer applications to calculate the HQSL indicator.

Moreno also helps make his 15-minute city idea more understandable in terms of specific urban features revealed in case studies. He provides many case studies to illustrate the 15-minute city idea in use throughout the world, in cities big and small, and also in regions:

1. Paris, France: The 15-minute city idea motivated the Porte de Paris plan to place residences near key urban social functions (p. 120). Paris Mayor Anne Hidalgo adopted the 15-minute city in 2020 as a centerpiece of her second term (p. 126). The hallmarks of this work included schools as "capitals" of neighborhoods by providing many different services and uses (p. 139), converting vacant buildings into housing (p. 141), reusing abandoned electrical service stations (p. 142), transforming single-use historic buildings into multiuse (p. 143), transforming brownfields (p. 144), and repurposing a military site (p. 145) and administrative building (p. 146).

2. Milan, Italy: To recover from the COVID-19 pandemic, Milan "focused on creating living and working spaces that are closer to each other" as well as embracing polycentricism (15-minute neighborhoods), multifunctionality (multiuse public spaces), and citizen participation (pp. 152-153).

3. Portland, Oregon: The city of Portland's 20-Minute Neighborhoods and Healthy Connected Neighborhoods programs aim to have 80% of the city's residents living in complete (offering basic needs within walking or transit) neighborhoods by 2034 (p. 165).

4. Cleveland, Ohio: Mayor Justin Bibb described the plan for Cleveland's 15-minute city framework: "Putting people over cars; All basic needs are within a 15-minute transit ride, walk, or bike ride from your home... (p. 176). Most significantly, Mayor Bibb makes this goal more real by eliminating mandatory off-street parking and supporting multi-modal transit and affordable housing with investments. (p. 176).

5. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Facing strains on infrastructure from extreme heat and lack of water, the city of Buenos Aires has a climate action plan for 2050 that seeks to address climate issues. As part of that effort, the city is working to "promote greater proximity between people and essential services" (p. 185) and support "more sustainable mobility options such as public transportation, walking, and cycling." (p. 186).

6. Sousse, Tunisia: Sousse adopted an Integrated Urban Development program (PDUI) in 2021 that utilizes key concepts: chrono-urbanism (how people have travel flow patterns), chronotopy (how areas of the city get used at different times), and isochrones (identified places such as shops, public facilities, and essential services within the 15-minute travel time). (pp. 195-195).

7. Melbourne, Australia: Plan Melbourne 2017-2050 includes 20-minute neighborhoods with the goal that "every Melbourne resident should be able to reach essential services, such as schools, shops, leisure centers, parks, and jobs, within a 20-minute walk, cycle, or public transportation ride from their home." (p. 203).

   
   From: The 15-Minute City: A Solution to Saving Our Time and Our Planet by Carlos Moreno

8. Busan, South Korea: Mayor Park Hyung-joon announced in 2021 the goal for the 15-Minute City Busan Vision, which would encompass "the amenities needed for daily life within a short distance" as well as the use of smart technology with the goal of a carbon-neutral city (pp. 213-214).

9. Small Towns: While the case studies include larger cities, small towns also have participated. Pleszew, Poland, aims to be the first Polish city to implement the 15-minute city, emphasizing traffic calming, green space, culture, innovative construction, and multiservices (p. 220). St Hilaire de Brethmas in France also has a mayor committed to the 15-minute city idea (p. 224).

10. Scotland and Ile-de-France: Not only cities but regions are looking at utilizing the idea of the 15-minute city. Scotland and Ile de France use a 20-minute concept to reduce emissions, improve biodiversity, promote health, and ensure that all citizens can access most of their regular needs within a 20-minute's walk, bicycle ride, or use of public transportation (p. 231).

VI. The 15-minute city can inform the urbanism of today.

While simply explained in a few words and a diagram, the 15-minute city has much depth in its underpinnings based on observations about human experience in settlements over many centuries. The 15-minute city is a counterpoint to the rationalist conception of the city as a machine and a recognition of something much more profound—how human beings inhabit their living space.

Foremost among the 15-minute city's insights is the idea that proximity to essential needs and emotional connections make the neighborhood or quarter in which one lives vital for a quality of life. People have deep needs in a hierarchy (defined by Maslow), and practical and daily aspirations to spend more time, attention, and energy on the essential, good, beautiful, and emotionally fulfilling.

The 15-minute city idea, while emerging from an understanding of how people live and move in local areas long before the age of automobiles, has within it a profound rejection of urban development efforts over the past century. Twentieth-century urbanism involved a jarring, deliberate dispersal of people across a landscape with fragmented communities, profound separation of land uses, and segregation of people in urban areas. This dispersal resulted in a strong automobile bias in urban planning and development that persists today. The 15-minute city, in its innocent explanation and diagram, has behind it a revolutionary paradigm shift. It is no wonder it has given rise to conspiracy theories and fear.

In 1998, European urbanists gathered in Athens again to proclaim a new Athens Charter of City Planning, "stating firmly that the people and functions of the city should no longer be separated. It was a firm goodbye to Modernism... Unfortunately, there are still many regions and many professionals who have not yet gotten the message." (p. xix, forward by Jan Gehl).

Research literature covering 15-minute cities has explored the usefulness and effectiveness of the idea:

• Abdelfattah, Lamia, Diego Deponte, Giovanna Fossa. (2022). The 15-minute city: Interpreting the model to bring out urban resiliencies, Transportation Research Procedia, Volume 60, 2022, Pages 330-337, ISSN 2352-1465, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2021.12.043

• Allam, Zaheer, Simon Elias Bibri, Didier Chabaud, and Carlos Moreno. (2022). The "15-Minute City" concept can shape a net-zero urban future. Humanit Soc Sci Commun 9, 126. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-022-01145-0

• Allam, Zaheer, Simon Elias Bibri, Didier Chabaud, and Carlos Moreno. (2022). The Theoretical, Practical, and Technological Foundations of the 15-Minute City Model: Proximity and Its Environmental, Social and Economic Benefits for Sustainability, Energies 15, no. 16: 6042. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15166042

• Bruno, D. M., Musante, G., & Dacarro, F. (2023). Materials for a debate on the 15-minute city: Public transportation’s effect on urban space and time in two Asia-based alternative proposals. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/13467581.2023.2287223

• Capasso Da Silva, Denise, David A. King, and Shea Lemar. (2020). Accessibility in Practice: 20-Minute City as a Sustainability Planning Goal, Sustainability 12, no. 1: 129. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12010129

• Moreno, Carlos. (2021). Definition of the 15-minute city: What is the 15-Minute City? Obel Award Conference Jury. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362839186_Definition_of_the_15-minute_city_WHAT_IS_THE_15-MINUTE_CITY

• Moreno, Carlos, Zaheer Allam, Didier Chabaud, Catherine Gall, and Florent Pratlong. (2021). Introducing the '15-Minute City': Sustainability, Resilience and Place Identity in Future Post-Pandemic Cities" Smart Cities 4, no. 1: 93-111. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities4010006

The idea of a 15-minute city speaks to something profound in human nature by resonating with how people have experienced life in towns and cities for centuries. I can relate to the idea of the 15-minute city because, for the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, I met all my needs by staying in my neighborhood and using only walking and our local streetcar for transportation. I had chosen where I live based on a careful process of choosing a home near regular destinations. My thinking was related to the idea of a 15-minute city (or neighborhood) before I knew the term.

I can map the benefits of the 15-minute city as described by Carlos Moreno in the Obel Award writeup (2021), "What is the 15-Minute City?," to the abbreviation HELP that I use to identify the value of urban features. HELP stands for Health, Equity, Livability, and Prosperity. Moreno's 15-minute city fulfills these goals:

1. Health: active mobility provides physical and mental benefits; less commuting reduces mental and physical stress; less vehicle emissions and locally sensitive urban design improves environmental health.

2. Equity: public space emphasis, street design for vulnerable residents, mobility for car-free residents, and an emphasis on citizen participation increases sensitivity to individual needs; urban design specifically aimed at bringing residents closer reduces separation and segregation.

3. Livability: more emphasis on greenspace, people-oriented mobility options, local entrepreneurs, and access to daily needs all reduce travel trip time; increases personal time offers more enjoyment of being in the environment; more personal time and the bottom-up control of local communities, as hallmarks of the 15-minute city paradigm, increase personal freedom and choice.

4. Prosperity: more customers near local businesses improves sales; residents can access more employment opportunities nearby; each person can access closer business collaboration and entrepreneurship possibilities; more productive use of urban land yield a greater return on investments.

The 15-minute city emphasizes proximity so that connections among people can emerge in all their true complexity.

Related Links

• Carlos Moreno Web site
• Goodreads page for The 15-Minute City: A Solution to Saving Our Time and Our Planet

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